{"id":251,"date":"2024-11-05T13:40:14","date_gmt":"2024-11-05T13:40:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cepas.ufc.br\/?page_id=251"},"modified":"2025-05-12T13:16:25","modified_gmt":"2025-05-12T13:16:25","slug":"avaliacao-de-impacto-das-secas","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/cepas.ufc.br\/en\/avaliacao-de-impacto-das-secas\/","title":{"rendered":"Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de impacto das secas"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Impact of Droughts in Cear\u00e1: Help Tell This Story<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The information collected through the forms below aims to identify and gather evidence on the impacts observed and experienced during drought events within water resource systems, addressing the following aspects:\n\n

\n(i) the impacts suffered during the drought;\n
\n(ii) how these impacts were felt across different uses of water;\n
\n(iii) the evaluation of the measures and actions implemented;\n
\n(iv) the conflicts observed throughout the drought period.\n

\n\nThe questions in this survey seek to gather information on the personal perception of drought impacts on the individual, family, and professional lives of the participants.\n\n

\nYour participation is of great importance, as it will help identify and assess the multifaceted impacts of droughts.<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Individual Perception<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Institutional Perception<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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THE IMPACT OF CLIMATIC PHENOMENA IN THE STATE OF CEAR\u00c1<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Located in the Northeast region of Brazil (NEB), the state of Cear\u00e1 is characterized by a semi-arid climate, marked by irregular rainfall and a high rate of evapotranspiration. In this region, the rainfall regime is influenced by the displacement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) to the south, resulting in 70% of the total precipitation expected for the year, concentrated between the months of February and May. In Cear\u00e1, the average annual rainfall is approximately 858 mm. The highest values are recorded in the coastal zone, while the lowest values are found in the central area of the state, where the semi-arid landscape is more pronounced. The quality of the rainy season is also influenced by natural variations in sea surface temperature (SST) in both the Pacific Ocean (OP) and the Atlantic Ocean (OA) areas.\n

\nIrregular variations in sea surface temperature in the tropical Pacific Ocean during prolonged periods are indicative of El Ni\u00f1o (warming) and La Ni\u00f1a (cooling). This phenomenon is associated with years of either below-average or above-average rainfall in the Brazilian Northeast. The presence of a sea surface temperature gradient in the Tropical Atlantic Ocean, with warmer waters to the north (Positive Gradient - PG) or south (Negative Gradient - NG) of the basin, is related to either above or below average rainfall in the NEB. The figures represent the precipitation behavior over decades, along with the time series of the El Ni\u00f1o 3.4 phenomenon and the SST gradient in the Atlantic.<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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1950<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u2013 Shift in emphasis on actions to deal with
droughts in the Northeast Region
\u2013 The focus on reservoirs is reduced and
the idea of economic and social planning for the Drought Polygon, which had been established in the 1930s, is incorporated
\u2013 Conference in 1950 at the S\u00e3o Paulo Engineering Institute
\u2013 The Cooperation Reservoir Program
emerges as a local interest work
\u201cvaluable to the drought combat plan,\u201d
but the type of reservoir built through this
\u201cprogram tends to create, in the dry land, the
class of water lords\u201d<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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1951-1953<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u2013 Creation of the BNB
\u2013 Drought accelerates the process of impoverishment
and exploitation of small farmers
\u2013 Works against the drought
\u2013 Policy of building reservoirs for living with drought
\u2013 Keep the Cear\u00e1 sertanejo in their land through the provision of work
\u2013 Construction and repairs of highways:
\u2013 Keep the Cear\u00e1 sertanejo in their land through the provision of work
\u2013 Distribution of foodstuffs (Brazilian Legion of Assistance)
\u2013 Intense emigration of the drought victims:
\u2013 Capital Route
\u2013 Works Route<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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1958-1959<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u2013 Humanitarian crisis and intense population displacement
\u2013 Estimated 10 million northeastern refugees
\u2013 Severity of the drought surpassing the capacity of the state's infrastructures, revealing the need for improvements and expansion
\u2013 Emergence of the term \"drought industry,\" coined by journalist Ant\u00f4nio Callado of Correio da Manh\u00e3
\u2013 Establishment of the Working Group for the Development of the Northeast (GTDN)
\u2013 Creation of the Northeast Development Council (CODENO) to promote regional development and seek \"solutions\" to the socio-economic inequalities of the Northeast, being a precursor to SUDENE
\u2013 Creation of SUDENE to formulate and implement public policies to solve regional disparities issues
\u2013 Assistance to society weakened by the drought
\u2013 Works against the drought
\u2013 Policy of building reservoirs for living with the drought
\u2013 Keep the Cear\u00e1 sertanejo in the rural areas through the provision of work
\u2013 Growth of large landowners
\u2013 Growth of economic, regional, and social inequalities<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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1960<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u2013 The era of \"economic solution\" emerges
\u2013 In the 1960s, the \"Alliance for Progress\" Commission arrives in Brazil
\u2013 The \"search\" for solutions to the region's issues would come from abroad, through missions, foreign financial contributions, and international technical assistance<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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1970<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u2013 Implementation of the \"a\u00e7udagem\" policy as a strategy
for society's adaptation
\u2013 Water storage capacity in the state tripled compared to the 1958 drought
\u2013 Emigration of drought victims persists
\u2013 Rebellions in search of food and work
\u2013 11% of the population of Cear\u00e1 emigrated from the state
\u2013 Population in the northeastern capitals almost tripled
\u2013 Population explosion: unemployment in rural areas, pauperism, and social exclusion of these migrants in the cities
\u2013 Despite a decade of actions and public policies, the people of Cear\u00e1 were still exposed to the drought
\u2013 Distribution of seeds, funds, use of water trucks, execution of works, and operational planning (SUDENE)
\u2013 The project did not yield definitive results that would neutralize the effects of the drought<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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1979-1983<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u2013 Delay in the Federal Government's response
\u2013 Lack of support policies for rural women
\u2013 Emigration of drought victims persists: increase in \"urban sprawl\"
\u2013 Migrants leave the countryside to escape suffering (hunger and thirst), but they continue to suffer in cities with unemployment, lack of housing, poor educational institutions, etc.
\u2013 Disproportionate growth of slums in large urban centers
\u2013 Water rationing in Fortaleza (relieved with the creation of the Pacoti-Riach\u00e3o system in 1980)
\u2013 Rebellions of drought victims: looting of silos and warehouses (example: looting of the Cobal warehouse in Quixeramobim)
\u2013 Decline in the number of migrants assisted by the state's emergency plans
\u2013 Conflicts between drought victims and local authorities
\u2013 Mobilization of water trucks (SUDENE), using water from the reservoirs of the capital of Cear\u00e1
\u2013 Water rationing in Fortaleza<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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1993-1994 e 1997-1998<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u2013 Decade heavily impacted by the effects of El Ni\u00f1o
\u2013 DNOCS (National Department of Works Against Droughts) was abolished in 1995, being re-established in the early 2000s as a special autarchy
\u2013 Creation of COGERH (Water Resources Management Company of Cear\u00e1) and the beginning of the water allocation process
\u2013 Construction of the Canal do Trabalhador (Worker\u2019s Canal)
\u2013 Loss of livestock and crops
\u2013 57% of agricultural production in the Northeast was lost
\u2013 Estimated damage of 5% of the Northeast's GDP
\u2013 Increase in \"hunger looting\"
\u2013 Inclusion of education and training activities, as well as communication tools (\"dry hotline\")
\u2013 Decentralized actions, greater participation and transparency
\u2013 Shift from \"resistance to drought\" to \"living with drought\": moving away from assistance and aiming for sustainable outcomes
\u2013 Major drought (Maci\u00e7o de Baturit\u00e9 and Quixad\u00e1) and the establishment of values for irrigation<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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2012-2019<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u2013 Considerable increase in well drilling (SOHIDRA)
\u2013 Construction and installation of cisterns
\u2013 Continuation of the water tanker operation
\u2013 Anticipation of the macro-negotiated water allocation process of 2013 (drought flow);
\u2013 Construction of large inter-basin transfer works (Cintur\u00e3o das \u00c1guas, S\u00e3o Francisco River Integration Project)
\u2013 Expansion of works already constructed from the last drought (such as the Canal do Trabalhador) and expanded during the more recent period (such as the Eix\u00e3o das \u00c1guas)
\u2013 Loss of livestock and crops
\u2013 176 municipalities declared a state of emergency due to drought in 2013
\u2013 Dryland crops (grains and cassava) \u2013 Of the 182 municipalities assessed, 166 suffered losses of more than 50%, with 87 of them facing losses greater than 80%
\u2013 Intensification of water use conflicts
\u2013 More effective income transfer programs
\u2013 Farmers who lost their production managed to stay on their land through social programs
\u2013 Considerable reduction in the emigration of drought victims
\u2013 Improvements in climate forecasting systems and drought monitoring
\u2013 Strengthening of research institutions such as Funceme
\u2013 Behavioral change of the Cear\u00e1 countryside residents
\u2013 More conscious and rational use of water
\u2013 Implementation of the Emergency Water Charge
\u2013 Development of the Drought Monitor
\u2013 Integrated Drought Combat Committee in Cear\u00e1 \u2013 Contingency Group
\u2013 Definition of principles for water allocation
\u2013 Increased production of information on the water system and requests for strengthening interinstitutional relations
\u2013 Imminent risk of water collapse
\u2013 Reduction in the perennialization of river sections
\u2013 The real value of milk and dairy production rose from R$ 565.3 million in 2010 to R$ 694 million in 2015<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t

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Period 1950 to 1959<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Period 1960 to 1969<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Period 1970 to 1979<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Period 1980 to 1989<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Period 1990 to 1999<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Period 2000 to 2009<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Period 2010 to 2019<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Period 2020 to 2023<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Impacto das Secas no Cear\u00e1: Ajude a contar essa hist\u00f3ria As informa\u00e7\u00f5es coletadas nos formul\u00e1rios abaixo t\u00eam como objetivo identificar e reunir evid\u00eancias sobre os impactos observados e vivenciados durante a ocorr\u00eancia de secas nos sistemas de recursos h\u00eddricos, abordando os seguintes aspectos: (i) os impactos sofridos durante a seca; (ii) como esses impactos foram sentidos nos diversos usos da \u00e1gua; (iii) a avalia\u00e7\u00e3o das medidas e a\u00e7\u00f5es implementadas; (iv) os conflitos observados ao longo da seca. As perguntas formuladas neste question\u00e1rio procuram obter informa\u00e7\u00f5es sobre a percep\u00e7\u00e3o pessoal do impacto das secas no cotidiano individual, familiar e no trabalho dos participantes. A sua participa\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 de grande import\u00e2ncia para podermos identificar e avaliar os impactos das secas em suas mais diversas\u00a0\u00a0dimens\u00f5es. Percep\u00e7\u00e3o individual Percep\u00e7\u00e3o institucional O IMPACTO DOS FEN\u00d4MENOS CLIM\u00c1TICOS NO ESTADO DO CEAR\u00c1 Localizado na regi\u00e3o Nordeste do Brasil (NEB), o estado do Cear\u00e1 \u00e9 caracterizado por um clima semi\u00e1rido, marcado pela irregularidade de chuvas e pela alta taxa de evapotranspira\u00e7\u00e3o. Na regi\u00e3o, o regime de chuvas \u00e9 influenciado pelo deslocamento da Zona de Converg\u00eancia Intertropical (ITCZ) para o sul, resultando em 70% do total de precipita\u00e7\u00f5es previstas para o ano, concentradas entre os meses de fevereiro a maio. No Cear\u00e1, a m\u00e9dia anual de chuvas \u00e9 de aproximadamente 858mm. Os valores mais altos s\u00e3o registrados na zona costeira e os valores mais baixos s\u00e3o registrados na zona central do estado, onde a paisagem semi\u00e1rida \u00e9 mais acentuada. A qualidade da esta\u00e7\u00e3o chuvosa tamb\u00e9m sofre influ\u00eancia pelas varia\u00e7\u00f5es naturais na temperatura da superf\u00edcie do mar (TSM), nas \u00e1reas oce\u00e2nicas do Pac\u00edfico (OP) e nas \u00e1reas oce\u00e2nicas do Atl\u00e2ntico (OA). As varia\u00e7\u00f5es irregulares na temperatura das \u00e1guas superficiais no Oceano Pac\u00edfico tropical durante per\u00edodos prolongados s\u00e3o indicativos de El Ni\u00f1o (aquecimento) e La Ni\u00f1a (resfriamento). Esse fen\u00f4meno est\u00e1 associado a anos com frequ\u00eancia de chuvas abaixo ou acima da m\u00e9dia climatol\u00f3gica do Nordeste Brasileiro. A presen\u00e7a de um gradiente de temperatura da superf\u00edcie do mar no Oceano Atl\u00e2ntico Tropical, com \u00e1guas mais aquecidas ao norte (Gradiente Positivo – GP) ou ao sul (Gradiente Negativo – GN) da bacia, est\u00e1 relacionada a chuvas abaixo ou acima da m\u00e9dia do NEB. As figuras representam o comportamento da precipita\u00e7\u00e3o, ao longo de d\u00e9cadas, juntamente com as s\u00e9ries temporais do fen\u00f4meno El Ni\u00f1o 3.4 e do gradiente TSM no Atl\u00e2ntico 1950 – Mudan\u00e7a de \u00eanfase nas a\u00e7\u00f5es para lidar comas secas na Regi\u00e3o Nordeste– Os a\u00e7udes deixam de ser foco principal eh\u00e1 a incorpora\u00e7\u00e3o da ideia de planejamentoecon\u00f4mico e social para o Pol\u00edgono dasSecas que havia sido institu\u00eddo na d\u00e9cada de1930– Confer\u00eancia em 1950 no Instituto deEngenharia de S\u00e3o Paulo– o Programa A\u00e7udagem em Coopera\u00e7\u00e3oaparece como obra de interesse local\u201cvaliosa do plano de combate ao flagelo\u201d,mas o tipo de a\u00e7ude feito a partir desse\u201cprograma tende a criar, na terra seca, aclasse dos senhores da \u00e1gua 1951-1953 – Cria\u00e7\u00e3o do BNB– A seca acelera o processo de empobrecimentoe de espolia\u00e7\u00e3o dos pequenos camponeses– Obras contra a seca– Pol\u00edtica da constru\u00e7\u00e3o de a\u00e7udes para oconv\u00edvio com a seca– Manter o sertanejo cearense em sua terra apartir da oferta de trabalho– Constru\u00e7\u00e3o e reparos de rodovias:– Manter o sertanejo cearense em sua terra apartir da oferta de trabalho– Distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de g\u00eaneros aliment\u00edcios (Legi\u00e3oBrasileira de Assist\u00eancia)– Intensa emigra\u00e7\u00e3o dos flagelados:– Rota da Capital– Rota das Obras 1958-1959 – Crise humanit\u00e1ria e deslocamento intenso de popula\u00e7\u00f5es– Estimativa de 10 milh\u00f5es de refugiados nordestinos– Severidade da seca superando a capacidade dasinfraestruturas do estado,revelando necessidade de melhorias e expans\u00e3o– Surgimento do termo \u201cind\u00fastria da seca\u201d, cunhado pelojornalista do Correio da Manh\u00e3, Ant\u00f4nio Callado.– Estabelecimento do Grupo de Trabalho para oDesenvolvimento do Nordeste (GTDN)– Institui\u00e7\u00e3o do Conselho de Desenvolvimento do Nordeste(CODENO) para promover o desenvolvimentoregional e buscar \u201csolu\u00e7\u00f5es\u201d para as desigualdadessocioecon\u00f4micas do Nordeste, tendo sido precursor daSUDENE.– Cria\u00e7\u00e3o da SUDENE para elaborar e implementar pol\u00edticasp\u00fablicas para solucionar problemas de disparidades regionais;– Assist\u00eancia \u00e0 sociedade fragilizada pela seca– Obras contra a seca– Pol\u00edtica da constru\u00e7\u00e3o de a\u00e7udes para o conv\u00edvio com a seca– Manter o sertanejo cearense na zona rural a partir da ofertade trabalho– Crescimento dos latifundi\u00e1rios– Crescimento das desigualdades econ\u00f4micas, regionais esociais 1960 – Desponta a era da \u201csolu\u00e7\u00e3o econ\u00f4mica\u201d– Chega ao Brasil na d\u00e9cada de 1960 aComiss\u00e3o \u201cAlian\u00e7a para o Progresso\u201d– A \u201cbusca\u201d de solu\u00e7\u00f5es para a problem\u00e1ticada regi\u00e3o viria de fora, via miss\u00f5es, aportesfinanceiros estrangeiros e assessoriat\u00e9cnica internacional 1970 – Efetiva\u00e7\u00e3o da pol\u00edtica de a\u00e7udagem como estrat\u00e9giade adapta\u00e7\u00e3o da sociedade– Capacidade acumulada de reserva\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00e1gua noEstado triplicou em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 seca de 58– Emigra\u00e7\u00e3o dos flagelados permanece– Rebeli\u00f5es em busca de comida e trabalho– 11% da popula\u00e7\u00e3o cearense emigrou do estado– Popula\u00e7\u00e3o nas capitais nordestinas quase triplicou– Incha\u00e7o populacional: desemprego no meio rural,pauperismo e exclus\u00e3o social destes retirantes nascidades– Apesar de uma d\u00e9cada de a\u00e7\u00f5es e pol\u00edticas p\u00fablicas,os sertanejos cearenses ainda estavam expostos \u00e0 seca– Distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de sementes, verbas, uso decarros-pipas, execu\u00e7\u00e3o de obras e planejamento deopera\u00e7\u00f5es (SUDENE)– Projeto n\u00e3o obteve seguros resultados queneutralizassem os efeitos da estiagem 1979-1983 – Atraso na resposta do Governo Federal– Aus\u00eancia de pol\u00edticas de amparo \u00e0s mulheres do campo– Emigra\u00e7\u00e3o dos flagelados permanece: aumento do \u201cincha\u00e7ourbano\u201d– Retirantes emigram do campo para acabar com osofrimento (fome e sede), mas passam a sofrer nas cidadescom o desemprego, a falta de habita\u00e7\u00e3o, p\u00e9ssimas institui\u00e7\u00f5es educacionais, etc– Crescimento desproporcional de favelas nos grandescentros urbanos– Racionamento d\u2019\u00e1gua em Fortaleza (amenizado com acria\u00e7\u00e3o do sistema Pacoti-Riach\u00e3o em 1980)– Rebeli\u00f5es dos flagelados: saques a silos e armaz\u00e9ns (exemplo:saque ao armaz\u00e9m da Cobal, em Quixeramobim)– Decl\u00ednio de retirantes atendidos pelos planos emergenciaisdo Estado– Conflitos entre os flagelados e autoridades locais– Mobiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de carros-pipa (SUDENE), utilizando \u00e1gua dosreservat\u00f3rios da capital cearense– Racionamento d\u2019\u00e1gua em Fortaleza 1993-1994 e 1997-1998 – D\u00e9cada bastante afetada pelos efeitos do El Ni\u00f1o– DNOCS \u00e9 extinto em 1995, sendo reestabelecido noin\u00edcio dos anos 2000 como autarquia especial– Cria\u00e7\u00e3o da COGERH e in\u00edcio do processo de aloca\u00e7\u00e3ode \u00e1gua– Constru\u00e7\u00e3o do Canal do Trabalhador– Perda de animais e lavouras– 57% da produ\u00e7\u00e3o agr\u00edcola da regi\u00e3o Nordeste foiperdida– Preju\u00edzo estimado em 5% do PIB nordestino– Aumento dos \u201csaques<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-251","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cepas.ufc.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/251","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cepas.ufc.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cepas.ufc.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cepas.ufc.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cepas.ufc.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=251"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/cepas.ufc.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/251\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1762,"href":"https:\/\/cepas.ufc.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/251\/revisions\/1762"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cepas.ufc.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=251"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}