– Shift in emphasis on actions to deal with
droughts in the Northeast Region
– The focus on reservoirs is reduced and
the idea of economic and social planning for the Drought Polygon, which had been established in the 1930s, is incorporated
– Conference in 1950 at the São Paulo Engineering Institute
– The Cooperation Reservoir Program
emerges as a local interest work
“valuable to the drought combat plan,”
but the type of reservoir built through this
“program tends to create, in the dry land, the
class of water lords”
– Creation of the BNB
– Drought accelerates the process of impoverishment
and exploitation of small farmers
– Works against the drought
– Policy of building reservoirs for living with drought
– Keep the Ceará sertanejo in their land through the provision of work
– Construction and repairs of highways:
– Keep the Ceará sertanejo in their land through the provision of work
– Distribution of foodstuffs (Brazilian Legion of Assistance)
– Intense emigration of the drought victims:
– Capital Route
– Works Route
– Humanitarian crisis and intense population displacement
– Estimated 10 million northeastern refugees
– Severity of the drought surpassing the capacity of the state's infrastructures, revealing the need for improvements and expansion
– Emergence of the term "drought industry," coined by journalist Antônio Callado of Correio da Manhã
– Establishment of the Working Group for the Development of the Northeast (GTDN)
– Creation of the Northeast Development Council (CODENO) to promote regional development and seek "solutions" to the socio-economic inequalities of the Northeast, being a precursor to SUDENE
– Creation of SUDENE to formulate and implement public policies to solve regional disparities issues
– Assistance to society weakened by the drought
– Works against the drought
– Policy of building reservoirs for living with the drought
– Keep the Ceará sertanejo in the rural areas through the provision of work
– Growth of large landowners
– Growth of economic, regional, and social inequalities
– The era of "economic solution" emerges
– In the 1960s, the "Alliance for Progress" Commission arrives in Brazil
– The "search" for solutions to the region's issues would come from abroad, through missions, foreign financial contributions, and international technical assistance
– Implementation of the "açudagem" policy as a strategy
for society's adaptation
– Water storage capacity in the state tripled compared to the 1958 drought
– Emigration of drought victims persists
– Rebellions in search of food and work
– 11% of the population of Ceará emigrated from the state
– Population in the northeastern capitals almost tripled
– Population explosion: unemployment in rural areas, pauperism, and social exclusion of these migrants in the cities
– Despite a decade of actions and public policies, the people of Ceará were still exposed to the drought
– Distribution of seeds, funds, use of water trucks, execution of works, and operational planning (SUDENE)
– The project did not yield definitive results that would neutralize the effects of the drought
– Delay in the Federal Government's response
– Lack of support policies for rural women
– Emigration of drought victims persists: increase in "urban sprawl"
– Migrants leave the countryside to escape suffering (hunger and thirst), but they continue to suffer in cities with unemployment, lack of housing, poor educational institutions, etc.
– Disproportionate growth of slums in large urban centers
– Water rationing in Fortaleza (relieved with the creation of the Pacoti-Riachão system in 1980)
– Rebellions of drought victims: looting of silos and warehouses (example: looting of the Cobal warehouse in Quixeramobim)
– Decline in the number of migrants assisted by the state's emergency plans
– Conflicts between drought victims and local authorities
– Mobilization of water trucks (SUDENE), using water from the reservoirs of the capital of Ceará
– Water rationing in Fortaleza
– Decade heavily impacted by the effects of El Niño
– DNOCS (National Department of Works Against Droughts) was abolished in 1995, being re-established in the early 2000s as a special autarchy
– Creation of COGERH (Water Resources Management Company of Ceará) and the beginning of the water allocation process
– Construction of the Canal do Trabalhador (Worker’s Canal)
– Loss of livestock and crops
– 57% of agricultural production in the Northeast was lost
– Estimated damage of 5% of the Northeast's GDP
– Increase in "hunger looting"
– Inclusion of education and training activities, as well as communication tools ("dry hotline")
– Decentralized actions, greater participation and transparency
– Shift from "resistance to drought" to "living with drought": moving away from assistance and aiming for sustainable outcomes
– Major drought (Maciço de Baturité and Quixadá) and the establishment of values for irrigation
– Considerable increase in well drilling (SOHIDRA)
– Construction and installation of cisterns
– Continuation of the water tanker operation
– Anticipation of the macro-negotiated water allocation process of 2013 (drought flow);
– Construction of large inter-basin transfer works (Cinturão das Águas, São Francisco River Integration Project)
– Expansion of works already constructed from the last drought (such as the Canal do Trabalhador) and expanded during the more recent period (such as the Eixão das Águas)
– Loss of livestock and crops
– 176 municipalities declared a state of emergency due to drought in 2013
– Dryland crops (grains and cassava) – Of the 182 municipalities assessed, 166 suffered losses of more than 50%, with 87 of them facing losses greater than 80%
– Intensification of water use conflicts
– More effective income transfer programs
– Farmers who lost their production managed to stay on their land through social programs
– Considerable reduction in the emigration of drought victims
– Improvements in climate forecasting systems and drought monitoring
– Strengthening of research institutions such as Funceme
– Behavioral change of the Ceará countryside residents
– More conscious and rational use of water
– Implementation of the Emergency Water Charge
– Development of the Drought Monitor
– Integrated Drought Combat Committee in Ceará – Contingency Group
– Definition of principles for water allocation
– Increased production of information on the water system and requests for strengthening interinstitutional relations
– Imminent risk of water collapse
– Reduction in the perennialization of river sections
– The real value of milk and dairy production rose from R$ 565.3 million in 2010 to R$ 694 million in 2015
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